Face card

Face cards from a Tarot Nouveau deck

In a deck of playing cards, the term face card is generally used to describe a card that depicts a person as opposed to the pip cards. They are also known as court cards, picture cards, or until the early 20th century, coat cards.

Chinese "money cards" do not have a concept of face cards or pip cards. Some suits depict only pips while others only human figures. However, the suits with people rank higher than the pip suits. When playing cards arrived in Persia, the Persians created the distinction between pip and face cards. In their Ganjifeh decks, each suit had ten pip cards that are outranked by the vizier and the king. Cards were transmitted further west where Mamluk Egypt created a third court card. Their court cards didn't show any faces to prevent idolatry. Instead they showed abstract designs or calligraphy for the malik (king), nā'ib malik (viceroy or deputy king), and thānī nā'ib (second or under-deputy). Both Mamluk and modern decks include three face cards per suit, or twelve face cards in a deck of four suits.

King, Ober, and Under of Acorns from a Swiss deck (1880)

It wasn't until the arrival of cards in Europe around 1370 that illustrators could add human figures again. In a 1377 description of cards, the most common decks were structurally the same as the modern 52-card deck. Each suit contained a seated king and two marshals, one holding the suit symbol upwards while the other downwards. The marshals correspond to the Ober and Unter ranks in modern day German and Swiss playing cards. Less popular decks included ones in which two kings were replaced with queens, all the kings replaced by queens, queens and maids added so as to make 15 cards per suit, and 5 or 6 suited decks with only the kings and two marshal ranks.

In Italy and Spain, the Unter was dropped and a mounted knight was inserted between the Ober (now known as the knave) and the king before 1390, perhaps to make them more visually distinguishable. In 15th-century France, the knight was dropped in favour of the queen. The 15th-century Italian game of trionfi added more ranks, usually female counterparts to the existing male courts. The Cary-Yale deck had the most with six ranks: king, queen, knight, mounted lady, knave, and damsel or maid for a total of 24. It is unlikely that the Cary-Yale deck was designed for a game in mind as it was an expensive wedding gift and was probably never played.

Current playing cards are structured as follows:

• German and Swiss playing cards have three male face cards per suit, Unter/Under (a lower-class man or soldier), Ober (a higher ranking man), and König (a seated King).
• Italian and Spanish playing cards have the Fante or Sota (Knave, a younger man standing), Cavallo or Caballo (Knight or Cavalier, a man sitting on a horse) and Re or Rey (King, wearing a crown). Italian suited kings are seated while Spanish suited kings stand. A few Spanish suited patterns replace male knaves with female counterparts.
• French playing cards replaced the middle male with the Queen so it became Knave or "Jack", Queen, and King. French suited Kings stand.
• French and Latin tarot decks have four face cards per suit. Their order is Knave, Knight, Queen, and King for a total of 16 face cards. Figures appearing on tarot trumps are not considered to be face cards.

While modern decks of playing cards may contain one or more Jokers depicting a person (such as a jester or clown), Jokers are not normally considered to be face cards. The earliest Jokers, known as Imperial Bowers or Best Bowers, didn't depict human beings until the late 1860s.