See also the Rules of Danish Tarok.
The objective of the game is earn as many tokens as possible. Since tokens are earned and paid in many different ways, several strategies are possible. In order of priority, they are
Note that playing for Nolo is not a goal in itself, since the reward is modest. However, the threat of Nolo is a powerful tool in preventing another player's Ultimo; it especially effective against a player who has declared many trumps.
In the jargon, the player seeking own Ultimo is called the enemy (fjenden), and this section describes the strategy for play by the enemy. By definition, making your own Ultimo amounts to taking the last trick with an Ultimo card. This can only succeed if no other player holds a trump to play at the last trick. If you succeed in removing all trumps from the opponents, and still hold the pagat in the final trick, the Ultimo is automatic, since the pagat will be the only trump in the final trick. If you are planning a king Ultimo, you will furthermore normally need to be on lead; the elegant king Ultimo where the winner was not on lead to the final trick, though possible, is rarely achieved on purpose.
Hence, enemy play is primarily a question of driving out all the (other) trumps. To some extent, this can be done by leading trumps yourself, and for the other players it is a sure sign of enemy play when a player leads trumps. However, whenever someone else leads a suit in which the enemy is void, he must play a trump; therefore, an enemy who leads trumps runs the risk of losing control of the game because he himself has all his trumps driven out. He therefore should lead trumps only when the other four suits are fairly balanced, since he then probably will not have many trumps driven out.
The usual way for the enemy to drive out trumps is to lead a long suit. Such a suit is called a whip (pisk) and leading it is called to whip (at piske). After a few rounds, the other players can no longer follow to the whip and must therefore play their trumps; in the jargon they are hit (ramt). Of course, a whip is no good to the enemy unless he is on lead, and once the whip becomes effective, he will lose the lead every time he plays it. Therefore, the enemy also needs cards that will win tricks, so that he can come in to lead: high cards in the side suits (i.e., suits other than whip and trumps), extra length in trumps, or high trumps.
Of course, the enemy needs to know exactly how many trumps are still out at the end play, so that he can choose correctly whether to give up his Ultimo attempt. Holding the pagat in the last trick and being surprised by a miscounted trump still not played is not only embarrassing, it is also expensive.
To sum up, for an Ultimo to succeed, the enemy needs
A rule of thumb to start with for novices is that the whip and the trumps together should total 16 of the 25 cards if an Ultimo attempt is to succeed. Many high cards in the side suits and a fairly even distribution of the side suits can reduce the requirement by one or two. Conversely, a void in a side suit and lack of winners in other side suits are bad signs, since the enemy risks having his trump length reduced too fast.
Players whose goal is to prevent an Ultimo are called defenders. Successful defense usually requires that two players agree to defend. Their strategy varies completely with the circumstances. Important questions when selecting the strategy are the following:
Simply put, a known enemy exists when there is a declaration of trumps. The player declaring trumps announces both how many trumps he has and whether he holds the pagat. This information (and simple arithmetic) allows the two other players to determine how many trumps they each hold, and to know who holds the pagat. At the opening lead, the enemy is thus well defined, and the division of roles between the defenders is also well defined. The primary defense strategy is:
If that seems impossible, the secondary defense strategy is to ensure that
When the defenders play to hold on, they usually have little room for error: The success of the defense often rests on marginal events like the untimely loss of the lead. They should
It is normally risky for the weak defender to lead his own long suit -- if his ally is short, this may lose the fatal tempo for the defense. It is necessary for the defenders to exchange information about their suit lengths. This is done by the following carding convention:
Another carding convention is also used between defenders:
If he has the opening lead, a weak defender should lead a suit of neutral length (i.e., 4), in order to get a length signal from his ally. If his partner shows 4 or more cards, the suit can safely be continued when he later gains the lead.
The strong defender should normally play much like the enemy, leading his whip whenever possible. It should not usually matter that his partner is short in his whip; what is important is whether the enemy is short in the whip. If the weak defender plays to the strong defender's whip before the enemy, the weak defender should normally play his highest trumps, in order to promote his partner's trumps so that the enemy cannot draw them without losing the lead.
When the whip for the defense has been identified, the weak defender should support the whip by leading it himself as long as he can. Not only is this a good use of the tempo, it also makes it difficult for the enemy to identify the strong defender; this can help the defenders, for when the enemy has a choice of two suits each of which will drive out trumps from only one of the defenders, it can be crucial that he attacks the strong defender.
A defender gains on the trick count when he makes his high cards, and he does not risk a penalty for not making a king when he plays it early. Such temptations must be resisted when they risk costing a fatal tempo for the defense: the high cards must be used for controlling the game until it is obvious that an Ultimo is no longer possible.
As the game progresses, the role of enemy can change. For instance, when it is clear (from the declarations and the play) that the enemy no longer holds an Ultimo card, there is no need to maintain an alliance against him, and indeed some other player who still holds an Ultimo card may now be the greatest threat.
You cannot really drive out the pagat from an enemy without totally stripping him of trumps. But kings can be driven out, and especially when the defenders know that the enemy does not hold the pagat, their primary goal is to drive out kings.
Driving out a king is (simply) a question of leading the suit until the king has been played. However, the defense does not necessarily have the tempo to drive out all kings, and they are also in trouble if the enemy has a king that heads a long suit of 6 or 7 cards.
The declarations may have placed all the kings, but when they have not, it is important that the defenders exchange information about what kings they hold, so that they can concentrate on the kings held by the enemy. The convention is that defenders play their kings early, and specifically that they never hold their kings back from a trick where the enemy has played a knight or queen. Also, if the defender holds the pagat, he should play it early if there could be the remotest suspicion that he is otherwise trying to make it Ultimo.
Even when the enemy holds one more card in a suit with a king than any defender, the defence still has a chance to drive out the king. This is achieved by holding back the fool until the long defender's suit is exhausted and then playing an extra round of the suit by leading the fool and naming it appropriately. This is especially elegant when one defender has the long suit and the other defender has the fool. Often the declarations will allow the defenders to infer who has the fool, but sometimes the defence simply has to assume that the fool is available. It can be good play by the enemy to hold on to the fool when this leads the defenders to assume that each other might hold it.
If you hold 7, 8, or 9 trumps, and there has been no declaration of trumps, you will normally be a strong defender against an unknown (possibly non-existing enemy). The other two players will be in a similar position and each will decide whether he is strong or weak (or possibly an enemy). Since there was no declaration, each of the other players can hold at most 9 trumps; this information may be helpful in the play.
Your best strategy as strong defender with no enemy is to play like an enemy, and hold on to the game. Your potential ally will not be able to distinguish you from an enemy, but this usually cannot be helped: if you falter from leading your whip, you may find out who the real enemy is, but you may also yield the fatal tempo at the same time.
The strong defender should signal suit lengths honestly; it may become clear at some point to a weak defender that you are not an enemy, and the information available should then be as useful as possible.
If a strong defender holds the pagat, he may concentrate on driving out kings, but this can be dangerous since it is not clear which kings are important to drive out, and the loss of tempo may result in losing control of the final trick. Note that playing in this way effectively forces the two other players to treat you as an enemy.
If you hold 6, 5, or 4 trumps, and there were no declarations of trumps, the outstanding trumps (including the fool) number 16, 17, or 18, and they must be divided no more unevenly than 9-7. Your goal is to ensure that both the other players have a trump in the last trick. One of the other players is likely to be your ally, but (see above) you probably won't find out who that is for some time.
The weak defender plays in such a way that the other players' trumps are conserved. The worst possible play is to lead a suit that both must trump, and the best play is to lead side suits that both can follow to. The weak defender keeps track of the number of trumps left in each of the other players' hands (with the inherent uncertainty) and chooses to favor the player who seems to be losing the race to conserve his trumps; early in the game, the weak defender normally will not lead a whip, since this risks driving out trumps. If one of the other players keeps playing Ultimo cards, the weak defender can be tempted to consider him his ally; but an enemy with several Ultimo cards can play at that game too. Only if when all Ultimo cards are accounted for can the weak player be certain that no enemy lurks.
Against overwhelming trump length (which is, of course, declared), a successful Nolo may be the only counter-measure available to the defense. For a Nolo to be successful, the following criteria are important:
A player (i.e., the weak defender) going for Nolo usually must have no high cards in his very short suits and usually must be short in trumps (successful Nolo with 5 or more trumps is rare). Moreover, it is normally necessary for the weak defender in general to have trumps that can be beaten individually by the strong defender. The defenders will know at the opening lead that Nolo is a possibility. A strong defender invites Nolo by leading a high trump at this first opportunity, and the weak defender accepts the invitation by following with a high trump (not winning the trick, of course); the weak defender rejects the invitation by overtaking the high trump. A weak defender invites Nolo by leading a trump, but he must not be overly zealous lest the strong defender lose a tempo in rejecting the invitation.
The strategy at Nolo is for the strong defender to draw the weak defender's trumps before the enemy can force him to trump his whip. Then the strong defender plays his whip or more rounds of trumps, with the understanding that the weak defender then gets a chance to play other dangerous cards. The strong defender must guard his entries carefully, so that he can protect against the enemy's attempt to give the weak defender a trick.
The fool is a very strong card in the weak defender's hand at Nolo, and conversely it is a dangerous weapon against the Nolo in the enemy's hand. For the strong defender, the fool is a minor liability: he must ensure that he does not give the weak defender a trick when he plays it.
The weak defender normally signals suit length as usual, but the signal is possibly better used as encouraging/discouraging, e.g. with low-high signifying "yes, continue with this suit".
When the dealer wins a Nolo, he still holds the skat in his trick pile; this sometimes confuses the enemy, who may overlook that the dealer did not win any trick.
This is not so much strategy as it is tactics. You cannot plan to force Bagud early in the game, but if Ultimo cards are still in near the end of the game, they can sometimes be forced Bagud. This happens when the holder of the Ultimo card is kept off lead in the end game. Forcing Bagud requires reliable knowledge about the cards left on each player's hand, which is not always possible and never easy, bearing in mind that three cards are in the skat.
The risk of being forced Bagud (not necessarily on purpose) illustrates the importance of holding cards that take tricks so that you are on lead.
A strong defender or an enemy who is forced to give up his Ultimo, will normally make the last trick if he was dealt mondo. Overall the most frequent outcome of a hand is for the player with mondo to make the last trick, but until that happens a series of thrusts and parries have been made to attempt and prevent Ultimo.
In some cases, where a strong player has neither an Ultimo card nor mondo, he may drive out higher trumps by means of enemy strategy, thus scoring the last trick anyway.
It is a minor source of income and satisfaction to capture an opponent's king with a trump. A trap can be set by choosing cards from a short suit for the skat. This is dangerous for a would-be strong defender, who may lose control of his trumps in this way, but it can be sound play for a weak defender if he happens to deprive the enemy of entries in this way.
Any player would rather play his king on a queen and a knight, since that trick counts 10 points in all. Holding back high cards until they are likely to yield good counts is marginally profitable (and also sometimes risky, if you don't cash your high cards until it is too late). It is, of course, a grave error to lose a fatal tempo to an enemy while pursuing the extra point in the trick count. It is also bad play to hold back a king when trying to drive out the enemy's kings, unless it is clear to the ally from a declaration that the enemy does not hold this particular king.
However, it is accepted to use the highest point card of equals when following to a trick -- e.g. to win with the D when holding D C V of a suit.
This depends on how you plan the play of your cards. This can often be a difficult part of the game. But there are a few rules of thumb:
The easy answer is to keep your whip, keep your trumps, balance the side suits. But if you are about to become a weak defender, your whip is not so important, and you should worry more about protecting entries and you might gamble on discarding from a short suit. And if you might be about to play Nolo, you should discard high cards from short suits, or possibly (all) your trumps.
A strong player with a very long whip may be better off discarding from the whip than discarding from side suits. This seems to be true when the whip is so long that it is unlikely that there will be entries to play all the cards in it. Normally only 8 cards in a whip will be useful.