Madrasso, also known as Mandrasso or Magrasso, is perhaps the most popular and widespread card game in Venice and the surrounding region, where it has over the last 50 years practically replaced the older game Scarabocion. In the ranking and values of cards and the presence of a trump suit it is related to Briscola, but because of the necessity to follow suit (as in Tressette) Madrasso offers greater scope for sophisticated card play technique.
There are four players, two against two in fixed partnerships, partners facing each other. A 40 card Italian pack is used - for authenticity it should be the Venetian pattern, also known as Trevigiane, which looks like this:
| asso (ace) | tre (3) | re (king) | cavallo (horse) | fante (jack) | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | |
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| 11 points | 10 points | 4 points | 3 points | 2 points | - - - - - - - - - - - 0 points - - - - - - - - - - - | |||||
| ori denari (coins) |
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| spade (swords) |
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| bastoni (batons) |
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| coppe (cups) |
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| Card illustrations by permission of Modiano | ||||||||||
To identify the cards while playing, it may help to notice that on the numeral cards, the swords are mostly curved whereas the batons are all straight. The kings all have crowns, distinguishing them from the jacks. The aces of swords and batons can be confusing at first - one way to tell them apart is to notice that the ace of swords has two chickens on it, while the ace of batons has only one.
The object of the game is to win tricks containing valuable cards, and to win the last trick. The ranking of the cards in tricks corresponds to their scoring value. As in Briscola, the highest ranking card is the Ace (worth 11 points), followed by the Three (10 points), King (Re) (4 points), Horse (Cavallo) (3 points), Jack (Fante) (2 points), and continuing with the 7, 6, 5, 4 and 2 (all worth 0 points). There is a total of 30 points in each suit and 120 points in the pack. The aces and threes are called carichi, the picture cards are called punti and the valueless pip cards are called scartine or lisci.
The dealer is chosen at random for the first hand; in subsequent hands the turn to deal passes to the right. The deal is anticlockwise; 10 cards are dealt to each player in the following way. First a packet of three cards is dealt face down to each player, then a packet of 2 cards each. The next card (the 21st) is placed face up in front of the dealer, and it determines the trump suit (called trionfi in Venice). Then another batch of three cards is dealt face down to the other players and two cards face down to the dealer, and finally another two cards are dealt face down to each player. All the players now have 10 cards, all face down except for the dealer's trump card, which is face up. The players pick up their concealed cards, but the dealer's face up card remains on the table until it is played to a trick.
The holder of the 7 of trumps is allowed to subsitute it for the face up card (naturally this is only done if the face up card is higher than a seven). This can only be done during the first trick, immediately before the holder of the trump seven plays to the trick.
The player to the right of the dealer leads to the first trick. Each trick is won by the highest trump in it, or if it contains no trumps by the highest card of the suit that was led. The winner of each trick leads to the next.
Suit must be followed - in each trick the other players must play cards of the same suit as the card led to the trick if they can. There is no compulsion to beat the previous cards played to the trick. A player who has no card of the suit led is free to play any card - either a trump or a card of another suit.
The winners of the last trick earn a bonus of 10 points.
In contrast to Briscola and Tressette, no physical signals or conversation of any kind are permitted.
If a player who breaks the rules by failing to follow suit when holding a card of the suit led is said to "fa cassone". The play ceases and the opposing side score 130 points. (See note)
A game of Madrasso consists of at least 10 deals - the individual deals are called in Venice "battute". At the end of the play of each deal, each team counts up the points in the tricks they have won, and the winners of the last trick add 10. The points won by the two teams always add up to 130, so it is only necessary for one team to write down what they have scored. Normally no running total is kept - one team simply writes their scores for each deal in a column.
If after 10 deals one team has a scored a total of 777 points or more, that team wins. The score of the team that has not been keeping score is calculated by subtracting the scoring team's total from 1300. Since the total points available in 10 deals is 1300 it is impossible for both to have as many as 777. If at the end of 10 deals neither team has reached 777, further deals are played until one team reaches 777 or until someone "si chiama fuori" (declares that they are out).
A declaration of having reached 777 can only be made by a player who has just won a trick. Play immediately ceases and the points won in tricks so far taken by the team are counted. If the team which declared has 777 or more points they win; if they do not, the other team wins. If at the end of a deal it turns out that both teams have more than 777 although no one has declared, the team with the higher total wins.
It is also possible to win by taking all 10 tricks in one deal (this is called cappotto). A team which manages this wins the entire game immediately. It is not sufficient to win all 130 points - even if the other team just win one trick containing four worthless cards, that is enough to prevent the cappotto. It is because of the possibility of cappotto that you are not allowed to declare until 10 hands have been played. Even if after 8 or 9 deals you already have over 777 points, it would be possible for the other side to win by making cappotto on one of the remaining deals.
The technique of playing Madrasso is quite complex and somewhat reminiscent of Bridge. It is essential to remember the course of the game and which cards have already been played in order to be able to reconstruct the likely distribution of the remaining cards. Luck plays a relatively small part in this game.
If the carichi and trumps are equally distributed, the strategy centres around trying to win the last trick, with its 10 point bonus. Another strategic focus of every hand is the play of the trumps: it is necessary to judge correctly when it is right to draw trumps, and when it is better to save them for trumping other suits.
In contrast to Bridge, where the players have information from the bidding and the cards visible in the dummy, the Madrasso player's tactics must be based solely on his own cards and the development of the play.
There are three ways of winning tricks:
In the examples the following abbreviations are used:
| suits | ranks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | = coppe (cups) | A | = asso (ace) | |
| O | = ori or denari (coins) | 3 | = tre (three) | |
| B | = bastoni (batons) | R | = re (king) | |
| S | = spade (swords) | C | = cavallo (horse) | |
| F | = fante (jack) | |||
| x | = any scartina | |||
Here are some examples of the choice of lead by the first player. In these examples batons (B) are trumps.
| 1. | O: | Axx | S: | Rx | B: | CFx | C: | xx | Lead OA, and then Ox. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2. | O: | xxx | S: | F | B: | RFx | C: | Cxx | Lead SF (a so-called furlana) |
| 3. | O: | 3x | S: | AFx | B: | ARxx | C: | x | Lead BA, and then BR |
| 4. | O: | A3x | S: | 3Cx | B: | Rx | C: | Cx | Lead OA, and then O3 |
| 5. | O: | Rx | S: | Axxx | B: | xx | C: | Fx | Lead SA, and then Sx |
| 6. | O: | xx | S: | CFx | B: | xx | C: | 3Rx | Lead CR; if it wins follow with SF or SC |
| 7. | O: | C | S: | Fx | B: | xxxx | C: | 3Cx | Lead OC |
| 8. | O: | Rxx | S: | 3x | B: | A3Cx | C: | ARC | Lead BA, then B3, then BC, watching for partner's scarto di rifiuto (discouraging discard) |
Here are some general principles applying to the lead and subsequent play:
In these examples, coins are trumps.
| 1. | O: | R | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S: | Cxx | ||||
| B: | Fxx | ||||
| C: | xxx | ||||
| O: | A3Cx | N W E S |
O: | xx | |
| S: | 3x | S: | RFx | ||
| B: | R | B: | A3x | ||
| C: | ARC | C: | Fx | ||
| O: | Fxx | ||||
| S: | Ax | ||||
| B: | Cxx | ||||
| C: | 3x | ||||
West leads the OA and continues with the O3 and OC. On the third trick East discards the CF to show weakness in cups. West now leads the BR to east's BA hoping that east, after cashing the B3, will lead a cup allowing West to finesse against the 3. In fact the finesse does not work, as the C3 is held by South. The aim of this strategy is to make a cappotto if it is possible; however with these E-W cards, even if North has the C3, a trick will eventually be lost to the SA.
| 2. | O: | CF | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S: | Rxxx | ||||
| B: | CF | ||||
| C: | 3x | ||||
| O: | A3x | N W E S |
O: | xx | |
| S: | 3x | S: | Ax | ||
| B: | 3x | B: | Axxx | ||
| C: | ARC | C: | Fx | ||
| O: | Rxx | ||||
| S: | CF | ||||
| B: | Rx | ||||
| C: | xxx | ||||
West again begins with the A and 3 of trumps. It is clear that cappotto is impossible because South has three trumps to the king. It would be unwise for West to lead from either of his 3x suits (not knowing that partner has the aces), and West hopes to take a finesse in cups later. Therefore West exits by leading his small trump and East makes a discouraging discard of the fante of cups. South wins with the OR and whatever South returns, East-West win all the remaining tricks.
Dossena, Izzo and Fantini-Santelia report a different penalty for not following suit: that 130 points are subtracted from the offending team's score. This does not correspond to Venetian tradition by which, even in tournaments, 130 points are added to the score of the non-offending side. The Venetian method has the advantage that the total points won by the two sides after 10 deals always add up to 1300.
Many people play Madrasso with the rule that a player who is unable to follow suit is obliged to play a trump if possible. This rule applies even if your partner is winning the trick, and even when the trick has already been trumped by a trump that you are unable to beat. The Italian Wikipedia article on Madrasso gives this rule, and the word 'smontar' for the tactic of playing a suit which your opponents don' have, forcing them to waste their trumps. On the other hand, the rule as given in the main deescription above, that a player who cannot follow suit can play any card, is confirmed by several books including for example Giampaolo Dossena's Giochi di Carte Italiani (Mondadori, 1984). It may be that this is a regional difference: if anyone can tell me more about where each of these versions is played, please let us know.
A free Windows Madrasso computer game is available from Rodomontano software (there is also an Italian version).
You can download a freeware Madrasso program from Thanos Card Games.
With the free Windows program BTM Pro, obtainable from Drazen's homepage, you can play Madrasso and some other Italian games against the computer or against other players over a network.