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Compensation - chess

In chess, compensation is the typically short-term positional advantages a player has in exchange for typically material disadvantage. Short term advantages involve initiative and attack.

Compensation includes:

Better pawn structure
The "two bishops", which refers to having bishops of both colors while your opponent does not. Almost all modern players consider having both bishops as an advantage, though historically there has been great debate as to how much of an advantage they constitute. The two bishops are most likely to show their power in the endgame.
Better piece activity and/or better development (common in gambits)
Having the enemy king open to future attack, either due to a loss of pawn cover or being trapped in the center of the board is often excellent compensation.
Passed pawns are often decisive in the endgame
Connected and/or protected passed pawns are even more deadly.
Control over key squares, diagonals, files, or ranks

Examples

Polugaevsky versus Evans

Polugaevsky-Evans, 1970

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

White to move, draws

A rook on the seventh rank (the opponent's second rank) is usually very powerful, as it threatens the opponent's unadvanced pawns and hems in the enemy king. A rook on the seventh rank is sufficient compensation for a pawn (Fine & Benko 2003:586). In this position from a game between Lev Polugaevsky and Larry Evans, the rook on the seventh rank enables White to draw, despite being a pawn down (Griffiths 1992:102-3).

Spassky versus Fischer

Spassky-Fischer, 1960

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Position after 5. Ne5

Spassky-Fischer, 1960

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Analysis position after 13. Nc3

A famous 1960 game between future World Champions Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer began with a King's Gambit opening. White sacrifices a pawn on his second move:

1. e4 e5

2. f4 exf4

3. Nf3 g5

4. h4 g4

5. Ne5

reaching the first position shown. Fischer examines an alternate fifth move for Black:

5... h5

6. Bc4 Rh7

7. d4 d6

8. Nd3 f3

9. gxf3 Be7

10. Be3 Bxh4+

11. Kd2 Bg5

12. f4 Bh6

13. Nc3

reaching the second position, where Fischer explains "White has more than enough compensation for the pawn." (Fischer 2008:123)

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